quantumbottlenecks

The chokepoints

Each layer of the supply chain has its own physics, its own moat, and its own catalyst calendar. Pick a strait.

I

Cryogenics & dilution refrigerators

Superconducting qubits live below 20 millikelvin — and almost every fridge that gets there comes from two companies.

BLUEFORS · QDI · FORM · SOHVY · AIQUY · MAYBELL

II

Helium-3 & cryogen supply

He-3 comes almost entirely from tritium decay in weapons programs; without it dilution refrigeration does not exist.

ASPI · LIN · APD · AIQUY · FORM · BLUEFORS · INTERLUNE

III

Isotopes & quantum materials

Isotopically pure silicon-28, high-purity niobium, and superconducting wire are single-digit-supplier markets.

ASPI · SILXY · BRKR · ATI · AMSC · CBMM

IV

Control electronics & cryo-CMOS

Every qubit needs room-temperature control channels that cost more than the qubit; scaling dies here first.

KEYS · FORM · INTC · NVDA · QMACHINES · QBLOX · ZHINST

V

Lasers & precision photonics

Trapped-ion and neutral-atom machines are built out of narrow-linewidth lasers, AOMs and optics from a handful of suppliers.

GCHHF · TOPTICA · COHR · IPGP · MKSI · HPHTY · MSQUARED

VI

Ultra-high vacuum systems

Ion traps and atom arrays need 10^-11 torr; the pump and chamber supply chain is an oligopoly nobody prices.

ATLKY · A · MKSI · VACNY · PFFVF · INFQ · KJLC

VII

Qubit fabrication & foundry

Superconducting and photonic qubits pass through a tiny set of trusted foundries with quantum process lines.

GFS · SKYT · PSIQUANTUM · IONQ · AMAT · RGTI · QUBT

VIII

Classical co-processing & error correction

Real-time quantum error correction needs classical compute physically beside the QPU; decoding is a silicon problem.

NVDA · AMD · IBM · KEYS · RIVERLANE · QMACHINES

IX

Platform pure-plays

The visible layer: listed quantum computer makers racing fault tolerance, burning cash, and repricing on every milestone.

IONQ · QNT · RGTI · QBTS · QUBT · ARQQ · PSIQUANTUM

X

Private giants & exposure vehicles

Quantinuum, PsiQuantum, QuEra, SandboxAQ — the heavyweight cap tables without tickers, and the listed paths into them.

QNT · HON · NVDA · GOOGL · PSIQUANTUM · SANDBOXAQ · QUERA